Semantics

Definition:

The field of linguisticsconcerned with the study of meaning in language.

• ·         Linguistic semantics has been defined as the study of how languages organize and express meanings.

• ·         General semantics is a discipline and/or methodology intended to improve the ways people interact with their environment and with one another, especially through training in the critical use of words and other symbol.
  

The term general semantics was introduced by Alfred Korzybski in the book Science and Sanity (1933).

In his Handbook of Semiotics (1995), Winfried Nöth observes that "General Semantics is based on the assumption that historical languages are only inadequate tools for the cognition of reality, are misleading in verbal communication, and may have negative effects on our nervous systems."

Observations:

• "The technical term for the study of meaning in language is semantics. But as soon as this term is used, a word of warning is in order.
  
  "Any scientific approach to semantics has to be clearly distinguished from a sense of the term that has developed in popular use, when people talk about the way that language can be manipulated in order to mislead the public. A newspaper headline might read. 'Tax increases reduced to semantics'--referring to the way a government was trying to hide a proposed increase behind some carefully chosen words. Or someone might say in an argument, 'That's just semantics,' implying that the point is purely a verbal quibble, bearing no relationship to anything in the real world. This kind of nuance is absent when we talk about semantics from the objective point of linguistic research. The linguistic approach studies the properties of meaning in a systematic and objective way, with reference to as wide a range of utterances and languages as possible."
  (David Crystal, How Language Works. Overlook, 2006)

• Basic Divisions
  "Based on the distinction between the meanings of words and the meanings of sentences, we can recognize two main divisions in the study of semantics: lexical semantics and phrasal semantics. Lexical semantics is the study of word meaning, whereas phrasal semantics is the study of the principles which govern the construction of the meaning of phrases and of sentence meaning out of compositional combinations of individual lexemes
  
  "The job of semantics is to study the basic, literal meanings of words as considered principally as parts of a language system, whereas pragmatics concentrates on the ways in which these basic meanings are used in practice, including such topics as the ways in which different expressions are assigned referents in different contexts, and the differing (ironic, metaphorical, etc.) uses to which language is put."
  (Nick Riemer, Introducing Semantics. Cambridge University Press, 2010)

• The Scope of Semantics
  "A perennial problem in semantics is the delineation of its subject matter. The term meaning can be used in a variety of ways, and only some of these correspond to the usual understanding of the scope of linguistic or computational semantics. We shall take the scope of semantics to be restricted to the literal interpretations of sentences in a context, ignoring phenomena like irony, metaphor."
  (Stephen G. Pulman, "Basic Notions of Semantics." SRI International, Cambridge, England)
  
  
  "[S]emantics is the study of the meanings of words and sentences
  
  "As our original definition of semantics suggests, it is a very broad field of inquiry, and we find scholars writing on very different topics and using quite different methods, though sharing the general aim of describing semantic knowledge. As a result, semantics is the most diverse field within linguistics. In addition, semanticists have to have at least a nodding acquaintance with other disciplines, like philosophy and psychology, which also investigate the creation and transmission of meaning. Some of the questions raised in these neighboring disciplines have important effects on the way linguist do semantics."
  (John I. Saeed, Semantics, 2nd ed. Blackwell, 2003)

• Linguistic Semantics and Grammar
  "The study of meaning can be undertaken in various ways. Linguistic semantics is an attempt to explicate the knowledge of any speaker of a language which allows that speaker to communicate facts, feelings, intentions and products of the imagination to other speakers and to understand what they communicate to him or her. . . . Early in life every human acquires the essentials of a language--a vacab and the pronounce, use and meaning of each item in it. The speaker's knowledge is largely implicit. The linguist attempts to construct a grammar, an explicit description of the language, the categories of the language and the rules by which they interact. Semantics is one part of grammar; phonology, syntax and morphology are other parts."  (Charles W. Kreidler, Introducing English Semantics. Routledge, 199