Subtitle Film

Keluar Dari Zona Nyaman. Eps. 1 (English Subtitle)

This is the link:

https://youtu.be/xvn04qMtpGc

Subtitle Film

How to Improve Your English Speaking Skills (Indonesian Subtitle).

This is the link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RxBF7RIQ_xY&feature=youtu.be

Ritzel Guesthouse

Ritzel Guesthouse

Ritzel Guesthouse is a family-friendly guest house. Located at the center of Medan city near many entertaintment places and culinary. It provides a warm hospitality, clean, quite place, and safe environment. It is perfect for your business trip or family vacation.


Addres  : Sunggal, Tj Rejo, Medan Sunggal, Medan,                  North Sumatra, 20154
Phone    : 0812-9405-9437
Finds us: @ritzelguesthouse

Name: Ester Mayer H
Class: 5 B
1588203051

  

What is Sociolinguistics?  

     Sociolinguistics is branch of Linguistics the way language is used in society. Another approach to language and society focuses on the situations and uses of language as an activity. And also Sociolinguists are interested in how we speak differently in varying social contexts, and how we may also use specific functions of language to deliver social meaning or aspects of our identity.

Why do we learn Sociolinguistics?

     When we study languages, we often focus on the language itself. The grammar, the vocabulary, the pronunciation, and so on. Sociolinguistics, however, give you the chance to look at the context within which the language is spoken rather than the mechanics of the language itself or the simple reason why we should learn Sociolinguistic is whether you traveled or not its clear for us to understand what people speak in different way of the country.

What is the relation between language and society?

      We know that language is a tool for interact with other human. So language can't separated with human. Through language we can related and interact with other human and created communicative in the community.

Please mention and explain  the branches of linguistics ?

Branches of Linguistics

1.      General linguistic generally describes the concepts and categories of a particular language or among all language. It also provides analyzed theory of the language. Descriptive linguistic describes or gives the data to confirm or refute the theory of particular language explained generally.

2.      Micro linguistic is narrower view. It is concerned internal view of language itself (structure of language systems) without related to other sciences and without related how to apply it in daily life. Some fields of micro linguistic:

a.       Phonetics, the study of the physical properties of sounds of human language.

b.      Phonology, the study of sounds as discrete, abstract elements in the speaker's mind that distinguish meaning

c.       Morphology, the study of internal structures of words and how they can be modified

d.      Syntax, the study of how words combine to form grammatical sentences.

e.       Semantics, the study of the meaning of words (lexical semantics) and fixed word combinations (phraseology), and how these combine to form the meanings of sentences.

f.        Pragmatics, the study of how utterances are used (literally, figuratively, or otherwise) in communicative acts.

g.      Discourse analysis, the analysis of language use in texts (spoken, written, or signed).

h.       Applied linguistic is the branch of linguistic that is most concerned with application of the concepts in everyday life, including language-teaching.

3.      Macro linguistic is broadest view of language. It is concerned external view of language itself with related to other sciences and how to apply it in daily life. Some fields of micro linguistic:

a.       Stylistics, the study of linguistic factors that place a discourse in context.

b.      Developmental linguistics, the study of the development of linguistic ability in an individual, particularly the acquisition of language in childhood.

c.       Historical linguistics or Diachronic linguistics, the study of language change.

d.      Language geography, the study of the spatial patterns of languages.

e.       Evolutionary linguistics, the study of the origin and subsequent development of language.

f.       Psycholinguistics, the study of the cognitive processes and representations underlying language use.

g.      Sociolinguistics, the study of social patterns and norms of linguistic variability.

h.      Clinical linguistics, the application of linguistic theory to the area of Speech-Language Pathology.

i.        Neurolinguistics, the study of the brain networks that underlie grammar and communication.

j.        Biolinguistics, the study of natural as well as human-taught communication systems in animals compared to human language.

k.      Computational linguistics, the study of computational implementations of linguistic structures.

What is the standard language? Giving an example!

            Standard English is a controversial term for a form of the English language that is written and spoken by educated users. Abbreviation: SE. Also known as Standard Written English (SWE).
According to Tom McArthur in The Oxford Companion to the English Language (1992), the term Standard English "resists easy definition but is used as if most educated people nonetheless know precisely what it refers to."

Elaborating the language ,dialect and accent, please!

Language is the method of human communication either spoken or written or the tools of communication. Language has a varieties, language variety refers to the various forms of language triggered by social factors. Language may changes from region to region.          

Dialect is a variety of language differing in vocabulary and grammar as well as pronunciation.

Varieties is a specific set of linguistic or language items of human speech patterns.

Giving an example of formal language and informal language!
            Formal: Good morning, Mr. President. We appreciate your visit.
            Informal: What's up? It's awesome that you came to visit!

What aspects of language are sociolinguistics interested in?

                Sociolinguists are interested in explaining why people speak differently in different social contexts. They are concerned with the way people signal aspects of their social identity through language. Sociolinguists study the effect of social factors such as social distance, social status, age, gender and class on language varieties (dialects, registers, genres, etc). Sociolinguists are also concerned with identifying the social functions of language and the ways it is used to convey social meaning.

When two or more people from different language met and tried to communicate, what should they do?

They are use Lingua Franca, is a language used for communication between different language users, for people whose first languages differ, such as pidgin between European colonizers and Afrizan slaves.

Why do people switch and mix a language?

This happens to me all the time, and I think it’s because we can only “think” in so many languages at once. It takes me over a day to switch my second-language and also it's because certain words in one particular language can express myself better and sometimes it’s fun.

Giving an example of code switching and code mixing!
            Code mixing   :           Besok kita bikin surprise yuk buat dia!
                                                Yahh, I’m so sorry, gabisa nih. After lunch aja gimana?
            Code switching:          Ester: Watashi no namae wa Ester desu.
                                                Chica: My name is Chica.
                                                Ester: Nan sai desu ka?
                                                Chica: I’m 20 yo

           

POLYSEMY

POLYSEMY

Polysemy is the association of one word with two or more distinct meanings. A polyseme is a word or phrase with multiple meanings.

About 40% of English words are polysemous. This means that they have more than one meaning. Some words, such as run or set have more than thirty different meanings. Polysemous words can cause difficulty in contexts where the meaning is other than the primary* meaning of the word.

Example:

         1.  He drank a glass of milk.

       He forgot to milk the cow.

        2. The enraged actor sued the newspaper.

      He read the newspaper.

        3. His cottage is near a small wood.

      The statue was made out of a block of wood.

        4. He fixed his hair.

     They fixed a date for the wedding.

        5. Head 
           Head disini juga merupakan bentuk polisemy dalam bahasa inggris, arti dari head sendiri 
           adalah kepala dan juga pemimpin. For Example:

-Plese keep your head with helmet (tolong jaga kepala mu dengan helm)

-He is a wise head master in this school (Dia adalah seoarng kepala sekolah yang  

 bijak di sekolah ini)

-Can I meet a head of this office? (Dapatkah saya bertemu dengan kepala dri kantor ini?)

Main Difference – Polysemy vs Homonymy

Polysemy and Homonymy are two similar concepts in linguistics. Both of them refer to words having multiple meanings. Polysemy refers to the coexistence of many possible meanings for a word or phrase. Homonymy refers to the existence of two or more words having the same spelling or pronunciation but different meanings and origins. This is the main difference between polysemy and homonym.

Article Review

Distinguishing Between Polysemy and Homonymy

A Critique of a Common Dictionary Approach 

Liene Alekse

Kt.: 200187-3779

January 2017

Polysemy and homonymy are semantic phenomena that are part of our everyday language. Polysemous words possess two or more related senses; homonyms possess two or more unrelated meanings. These phenomena are distinguished by dictionaries based on two criteria: first, the word’s etymology, second, the word’s core meaning. Polysemous words are given one single entry, as they are believed to have arisen from the same historical source and possess a core meaning. Each homonym receives a separate entry, based on the claim that homonyms have arisen from different historical sources and that they do not possess a shared core meaning. This paper argues for various weaknesses in this approach. Etymology, the evidence used by scholars to support it, is assessed in order to argue that the historical origin of the word cannot always be determined, therefore some words are classified as being homonyms while they are really polysemous. It is also unclear how far back in history one must go in order to determine the true origin of the word. Various theories are assessed that argue for/against the existence of a core meaning being possessed by polysemous words as opposed to homonyms, along with the experiments that support/undermine this argument. Theories, such as Sense Enumeration Lexicon(SEL) and General Lexicon Approach(GL) have been discussed, both having opposing views when dealing with polysemy and homonymy. The paper concludes-that the theories and research aimed at distinguishing between polysemy and homonymy are conflicting- therefore that the approach used by dictionaries in distinguishing between polysemy and homonymy is arbitrary.
Homonyms are believed to arise by a historical accident, when one form of a word has
acquired two distinct meanings, therefore these words have kept the same spelling even if
their meaning is completely different and unrelated. This approach, however, does not always
prove easy to use, as some origins of words can be difficult to trace back in history and it is
not always easy to decide how far in history one has to go in order to retrieve the original
word form from which the given homonym has arisen. 

        Is Polysemy and Homonymy Really So Different?  
Polysemy and homonymy are representatives of lexical ambiguity. Ullmann (1962) explains
it to be the most important type of ambiguity due to lexical factors, as the same word can be
connected by countless senses. Lexical ambiguity according to him can take two different
forms. The first form is when the same word can have one or more different meanings which
is known as polysemy. For example, the noun board could mean either a thin plank or tablet
or a table or food served at the table, as well as various other things.  The second form according to Ullmann is when two or more words are identical in pronunciation which represents the case of homonymy. For example, mean can either represent ‘middle’ or ‘inferior’; seal can represent either the name of the animal, or a ‘piece of wax sealed on a letter’. Ullmann (1962) also explains that words that sound the same, but are spelt differently are representing homonymy, for example, root-route and site-sight-cite. Ullmann (1962) explains the border-line between polysemy to sometimes be fluid, and proposes these two semantic items to be considered differently. However, often they can prove to be difficult to tell apart. 

         Distinguishing Between Polysemy and Homonymy
According to Falkum and Vincente (2015) researchers have been mostly concerned from
telling apart polysemy from monosemy (only one meaning represented by the word), and
various tests have been proposed to tell these semantic phenomena apart. They explain that
distinguishing between polysemy and homonymy has been of little interest to the researchers,
however, recently, based on psycholinguistic research, it has increased, because the research
has shown polysemy and homonymy to possibly be associated with different storage profiles.
 

 

Sources: 
http://skemman.is/en/item/view/1946/26712
https://www.google.com/search?q=thesis+about+polysemy&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8&client=firefox-b-ab 
http://www.kuliahbahasainggris.com/6-contoh-polisemy-dalam-bahasa-inggris-beserta-penjelasan-lengkap/

What's Wrong with Me?

When I was in 2nd grade, I started to play piano at Yamaha School. I don't really understand it that time. Well, I'm just a little girl so I just keep on playing. My teacher always angry to me because I never practice my song at home. But I was a kid, that's forgivable.

When I was in 5th grade, I felt comfortable when I play piano. I love piano! I always practice and play piano almost 2 hours per day. Can't you believe that!? I love to play pop-music, even to play and sing-a-long in same time. Piano was like 'love of my life' I can't live without it. Although sometimes I felt bored, but it didn't take long to make me love it again..

When I was a Junior high school student, I still love it! Everytime I felt happy, upset, or even angry, I would play my piano but at this time, I found another instrument i interested at....... Saxophone! But I still chose piano as my beloved music's instrument.Until one day, Mr. Eric can't teach me anymore and almost more than a month I didn't have teacher, I didn't learning, so I try to play Saxophone by watching Youtube in a month. Ya... at least I know how to use Saxophone. Back to my 'piano life' and I just played what I want to play not what I HAVE to play, I played some kind of 'easy-busy' stuff.

Then I got the replacement, Miss Elsa who is a really good teacher. But I just feel wrong, I feel something in me is empty, something was in me is already gone and hard to take it back.
I had no more feeling for piano.
When all the people tried to motivate me, I kept saying "it's because of the teacher! She is new, and I can't accept her. She is different than him! It's hard for me. Please wait until I can play like before."
But it's almost a year for me, and my parents can't stand it any longer. There was one day my dad or mom said to me, "If you still lazy to play just quit and I will sell back this piano! You don't need it, do you?!" and that time in my heart i said, "Sell it as you want. I don't want it either. Just throw it out. I'm sick of seeing it."
I realize that's wrong. There are so many advantages the piano can give to me.

But I still can't find that hole in my heart. My family said, I'm the one who should try to motivate myself and stop being lazy.
You know what, it took about Rp 400.000 per month and that's so expensive! (at that time)
My family support me, my friends support me, my piano miss me.
But I still can't get that feeling, when I played the piano 2 years ago.
What happened to me that time so I can love piano with whole my heart?
What happened to the piano so it made me want to play it all the time?
What happened to my heart that I can't feel the way I feel before?

Even I practice my songs, I play the piano, I enter every competition to motivate me. It doesn't work.
I don't ask for time, or advices, or preech, or anything else.
I don't know what I really want right now.
But maybe.....yes, this is for sure.
I want my LOVE for the piano BACK and I just don't know how.

I'm sorry Mom, Dad, everyone.... But thanks for understand me 'til now.